Skill 1: SUBJECTS AND
VERBS
A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one
verb.
Example 1:
________ was backed up for miles on the freeway.
a) Yesterday
b) In the morning
c) Traffic
d) Cars
From the example above, there is a verb (was), but there is
no subject. So the best answer is c) Traffic. Answers a) and b) are not
included in the category of the subject. Remember!!! Time adverbs like
yesterday, in the morning, etc. should not be a subject. While the answer to d)
is also incorrect because the plural cars that do not fit with the verb was
(singular).
Example 2:
Engineers _____ for work on the new space program.
a) necessary
b) are needed
c) hopefully
d) next month
The above sentence has a subject already (engineer), just
does not have a verb. Required him to fill out the answer is a verb. Of the
four answers is available only in the form of a verb that answer b) are needed.
So it is clear that the answer is b. Necessary (adjective), hopefully
(adjective / adverb), next month (adjective / adverb).
Skill 2: OBJECT OF
PREPOSITION
Object (what comes after) preposition (preposition) MUST form
a noun or pronoun (pronoun). Examples of the preposition in, at, of, to, by,
on, behind, and others. Please refer to the dictionary to determine the form of
the preposition.
example:
After his exams Tom will take a trip by boat.
In the above sentence there are two preposition: after and
by. The word exam (noun) is the object of the preposition after, and the boat
is an object of the preposition by.
Object of the preposition can create confusion in the TOEFL
test part structure / grammar. REMEMBER! Object of the preposition is not the
subject of the sentence.
Example 1:
With his friends _____ found the movie theater.
a) has
b) he
c) later
d) when
Remember the lesson on skill 1 first thing noticed in terms
of structure TOEFL matter of finding the subject and the verb (verb). In the
above sentence are verb (found). While the subject is not there. We need him in
answer choice that is the subject. The word friend in the above sentence is not
the subject of the sentence because the friend is the object of the preposition
with. Of the four options above only option b) that he could be used as a
subject. By him the answer of the above sentence is b) he. Has (verb), later
(adverb), and when (conjunction).
Example 2:
v The interviews by radio broadcaster were carried live by the station.
v At the neighborhood flower shop, flowers in quantities of a dozen or a half
dozen can be delivered for free.
v The progressive reading methods at this school are given credit for the
improved test scores.
The word on
the block is the subject and verb (verb). That in the tilt and underlined a
preposition and its object.
Skill 3: PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
Present participle is verb + ing: talking, playing, watching,
etc.. Present participle form can be rapscallion in Structure TOEFL test
questions. Present participle could be the adjective (an adjective) which
generally describes the subject like Appositive (see here about appositive) or
be part of verb word (verb) when preceded by be (am, is, are, was, were).
The man is talking to his friend.
The man talking to his friend has a beard.
In the first sentence talking present participle form of the
verb part because preceded by Be (is). While no. 2 talking present participle
is an adjective (describing the men's) and not as part of the verb because it
is not preceded by the first sentence be like. Verb of the sentence into two:
has (the man has a beard).
Example sentences below illustrate how the present participle
can be rapscallion in Structure TOEFL test
Example 1
The child _____ playing in the yard is my son.
a) now
b) is
c) he
d) was
In the sentence above we can see that the sentence already
has a subject (the child) and a verb (is). So the present participle is an
adjective playing so it does not need to be previously. Him answer b) is and d)
was not required by the above sentence (wrong answer). The above sentence is
perfect because it has a subject and a verb that does not need another verb (is
/ was) or subject (he) so that c) he is also wrong. So the best answer is a)
now (adverb).
Example 2:
The companies offering the lowest prices will
have the most customers.
Those travelers are completing their trip on
Delta should report to Gate Three.
Nb:
Words that blocked the subject.
Blocked and underlined a verb (the verb).
Which is tilted is (supposed to be) present participle.
In the first sentence is a proper sentence form (already
there is a subject and verb) along with the use of the present participle is
correct. In the second sentence merupkan tense one because it has a double
verb. The correct sentence is
The companies offering the
lowest prices will have the most customers.
Skill 4: PAST
PARTICIPLE
Past Participle use and a position similar to the present
participle which have previously discussed the difference in the form of
passive voice Past Participle.
Verb the past participle III: purchased, written, taught,
etc.. Present participle form can be rapscallion in Structure TOEFL test
questions. Could be a past participle adjective (adjective) which generally
describes a subject like Appositive or be part of keja word (verb) when
preceded by be (am, is, are, was, were) and have (have, has, had)
The family has purchased a television.
The poem was written by Paul.
In the first sentence of the form of the past participle
'purchased' are part of the verb because preceded by have (has). While no. 2
past participle 'written' is also a part of the verb because preceded by be
(was).
The television purchased yesterday was expensive.
The poem written by Paul Appeared in the magazine.
The second form of the past participle in (purchased and
written) is not followed by be or to have it both an adjective that describes
the shape of each subject of the sentence (television and poem).
Exercise:
The packages _____ mailed at the post office will arrive
Monday.
a) have
b) were
c) them
d) just
At first glance or just the beginning of the sentence might
be fooled to think we mailed it as a verb of the sentence but if we look at the
sentence more then we see there is no verb will arrive. So we can know that it
was mailed but not part of the verb as an adjective. Him answer a) have and d)
were not required by mailed-functioning as an adjective. Answer c) Them (object
is not required. So the best answer is d) just (adverb).
Skill 5: COORDINATE
CONNECTOR
Many words in English have more than one clause (clause):
I am learning.
Mom is cooking, and dad is working in the garden.
The girl who is looking at me is my neighbor.
The first sentence has only one clause while the last two
sentences have two clauses of the first 'mom is cooking' and 'dad is working in
the garden.' The second 'the girl is my neighbor' and 'who is looking at me.'
From the example above we can conclude that the clause was part of the sentence
or the sentence itself that has a subject and a verb. Generally it means that
the clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.
At this skill will be learned about the forms of coordinate
conjunctions connector and its use in the sentence. Coordinate connector is
used to connect between one another clause by clause. A common example of
coordinate connector are: and, but, or, so, yet (but). Note the use of commas
before.
v Tom is singing, and Paul is
dancing.
v Tom is tall, but Paul is
short.
v Tom must write the letter, or Paul
will do it.
v Tom told a joke, so Paul
laughed.
v Tom is tired, yet he is not
going to sleep.
Example:
A power failure occurred, _____ the lamps went out.
a) then
b) so
c) later
d) next
From the above sentence we can know that the sentence has two
clauses 'a power failure occurred’ and 'the lamps went out'. So the sentence
need a coordinate connector to connect to the two clauses. Of choice there is
only one answer that shape connector so. So the best answer is b) so.
Exercise:
1.
The North Platte
River_____ from Wyoming into Nebraska
a. it flowed b.
flows
c. flowing d.
with flowing water
the answer: B
In the sentence
there is a clear subject, the blank and two phrases. So, there is no main verb.
1. It is not letter [D] because it is a phrase since it starts with a preposition "with".
2. It is not letter [C] because it is really not a verb. We need a form of BE to make it a verb. Additionally, the sentence expresses a fact, so we cannot use a progressive form.
3. It is not letter [A] because it includes a subject (it) reference, and we already have the subject.
2.
______ Biloxi receives
its name from Sioux word meaning “first people.”
a. The city of b.
Located in
c. It is in d.
The tour included
the answer: A
Explanation:
In the sentence we
can locate the verb "received" and after it a series of phrases.
Before the verb there is only a name of a place with a blank before it. This
leads us to understand that we need a phrase to complete the subject.
1. It is not letter (D) because it has a complete subject and verb.
1. It is not letter (D) because it has a complete subject and verb.
2. It is not letter
(C) because it is not a completing phrase; it also has a verb.
3. It is not letter
(B) because the phrase only established the place, but the sentence would need
another subject reference such as a name of a local monument.
3.
A pride of lions
________ up to forty lions, including one to three males, several females, and
cubs.
a. can contain b. it containing
c. contain d.
containing
the answer: A
Explanation:
The subject is
clearly established before the blank. After the bland there is a phrase. This
means we need the main subject of the sentence.
1. It is not letter
(D) because it is not really a verb. The "ing" must have a form of BE
before it.
2. It is not letter
(C) because it does not match the number form of the subject.
3. It is not letter
(B) because it has a subject reference.
4.
_________ tea plant
are small and white.
a. The b.
On the
c. Having flowers the d.
The flowers of the
the answer: D
Explanation:
The sentence include
a form of BE as the main verb. Before the verb there is a subject with a blank.
This means we need a phrase which completes the subject.
1. It is not letter
(A) because it is only the article. This means the subject "plant"
would not match the verb "are".
2. It is not letter
(B) because it is the same as letter (A) with the variation of the preposition.
3. It is not letter
(C) because it is still not completing a subject phrase like the two previous
letter.
5.
The tetracycline’s, __________
antibiotics, are used to treat infections.
a. are a family of b.
being a family
c. a family of d.
their family is
The answer: C
Explanations:
It is clear to see
the two commas and the blank inside of them. Also, there is a verb
"are" in the main sentence. This means we have a phrase which gives
additional information, so a phrase starter is needed.
1. It is not letter
(A) because it has a main verb
2. It is not letter
(B) because it does not have a connecting preposition at the end.
3. It is not letter
(D) because it has a subject and verb
6.
Any possible academic assistance
from taking stimulants _______ marginal at best.
a. it is b.
there is
c. is d. as
the answer: C
Explanation:
Once we read the
sentence, we identify there is no real main verb; it is only a series of
phrases.
1. It is not letter
(A) because it has a subject.
2. It is not letter
(B) because it has the adverb "there" in a subject position.
3. It is not letter
(D) because it is not a verb.
7.
Henry Adams, born in
Boston, ________ famous as a historian and novelist.
a. became b.
and became
c. he was d.
and he became
the answer: A
Explanation:
By reading the
sentence, we can identify it has a complimentary phrase between commas. The
main subject is complete. After the blank there are phrases only. This means it
does not have a main verb.
1. It is not letter
(D) because it has a conjunction and subject.
2. It is not letter
(C) because it has a subject.
3. It is not letter
(B) because it has a conjunction.
8.
The major cause
__________ the pull of the Moon on the Earth.
a. the ocean tides are b.
of ocean tides is
c. of the tides in the ocean d.
the oceans tides.
The answer: B
Explanation:
In the sentence
there is a subject, which seems broken. After the blank there is a series of
phrases. This means we need the main verb and the actual noun of the subject.
1. It is not letter
(A) because it has the article "the" and it does not include a
connecting preposition.
2. It is not letter
(C) because it does not have a verb.
3. It is not letter
(D) because it does not have a connecting prepositions nor verb.
9.
Still a novelty in the
late nineteenth century, _________ limited to the rich.
a. was b.
was photography
c. it was photography d.
photography was
the answer: D
Explanation:
The sentence starts
with a series of phrases and a comma. After the blank there is what could be a
verb and its object. This means we need the main subject and possibly the other
part of the verb.
1. It is not letter
(A) because it is only a verb.
2. It is not letter
(B) because it would create a question in the sentence we have.
3. It is not letter
(C) because it does have a connector at the end.
10. A computerized map of the freeways using information gathered by
sensors embedded in the pavement ___________ on a local cable during rush hour.
a. airs b.
airing
c. air d.
to air.
The answer: A
Explanation:
We should notice
that everything before the blank is a series of phrases; "using,"
"gathered," and "embedded" are not verbs because they don't
have a preceding BE verb. After the blank we have more phrases. This means we
need the main verb of the sentence.
1. It is not letter
(D) because the verb is in infinitive form.
2. It is not letter
(C) because it does not match the number form of the main subject "map"
3. It is not letter
(B) because it is not a verb; it doesn't have a preceding BE verb.
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